【海洋可再生能源专刊】| 配备双U形流道冲击式透平的振荡水柱波浪能装置的多级能量转换特性
论文导读与观点概要
波浪能作为一种清洁可再生的海洋能源,其高效转换技术一直是研究热点。振荡水柱(OWC)装置是目前应用最广泛的波浪能转换技术之一,但传统配备单台空气透平的系统在复杂多变的波浪条件下,常面临能量利用效率受限和运行稳定性不足的问题。为突破这一瓶颈,本文提出在OWC装置中引入双空气透平结构的概念。研究旨在通过数值模拟,探究由圆筒形OWC装置与带导浪墙的直立防波堤耦合形成的一体化系统,在配置两台U形流道冲击式空气透平下的多级能量转换特性,并与单透平系统进行对比,以验证双透平系统在提升能量转换效率方面的优越性。
本研究构建了囊括OWC气室、海洋工程结构及双空气透平的一体化数值模型。采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法,基于k-ω SST湍流模型和VOF(Volume of Fluid)方法追踪水-气两相流自由液面。研究设计了自由启动和强制启动两种工作模式,以模拟透平转子在往复气流驱动下的动态响应。通过建立数值波浪水槽,模拟了不同周期(T=3.5~7.0 s)的规则波作用。研究重点评估了从波浪能至气动能(一级)、气动能至机械能(二级)以及机械能至电能(三级)的全过程能量转换效率,并利用STAR-CCM+软件进行求解与分析。
研究结果表明,双透平系统在能量转换效率上显著优于单透平系统,且该增效现象在两种启动模式下均十分显著。
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基本结论
针对所提出的在OWC波浪能转换装置中引入双空气透平结构的概念,构建了囊括OWC气室、海洋工程结构、双空气透平的一体化系统的数值模型,研究了一体化系统实现从波浪能至电能的多过程能量转换特性,并在空气透平的两种启动模式下,与采用单空气透平的一体化系统的能量转换特性进行了对比。通过研究可以得出以下结论:
1)在双空气透平的一体化系统中,每个透平将波浪能转换为气动能和电能的效率略低于采用单空气透平的一体化系统,但在双空气透平的协同作用下,一体化系统的一级能量转换效率和总体能量转换效率远远大于采用单空气透平的一体化系统,其中,在自由启动模式下,一级能量转换效率和总体能量转换效率的峰值分别实现约56.4%和69.4%的增长。这种提升效用在空气透平完全自由和强制旋转的启动模式下均十分显著。
2)额外空气透平的引入除了可使得一体化系统的总体转换效率显著提升,还能够在特定周期波浪作用下实现总电功率输出峰值提升约66.57%。
3)在一体化系统中使用双空气透平,可以有效地分配发生在OWC气室内的气室压力和空气流量,在不牺牲转换效率的前提下降低气室内的气动阻尼,从而实现波浪能的高效俘获和转换。
文中研究主要基于数值模型开展,尚未通过物理模型试验验证双空气透平结构在多级能量转换过程中的有效性;同时,研究参数集中于特定波浪周期工况,未系统分析不规则波谱、极端波高对协同效应的影响。上述因素将在后续的研究中进一步探讨。

本文引用格式:王辰, 张永良, 徐浩淳. 配备双U形流道冲击式透平的振荡水柱波浪能装置的多级能量转换特性[J]. 海洋工程, 2026, 44(2): 91-104. (WANG Chen, ZHANG Yongliang, XU Haochun. Multi-stage energy conversion characteristics of an oscillating water column wave energy device equipped with dual U-shaped flow channel impulse turbines[J]. The Ocean Engineering, 2026, 44(2): 91-104. (in Chinese))
作者简介:
王辰(1994—),男,江苏人,博士,助理研究员,主要从事海洋能发电装置的优化设计研究。E-mail:chen-wan20@tsinghua.org.cn
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