【论文推荐】| 口袋型窝崩岸坡崩塌动力特征试验研究
论文导读与观点概要
1. 研究背景与目的
口袋型窝崩(又称“Ω型窝崩”)是长江中下游及感潮河段典型的突发性崩岸灾害,具有隐蔽性强、破坏剧烈的特点,严重威胁沿江岸线与堤防安全。目前针对其水流结构已有一定认识,但对泥沙崩塌动力特征(如崩塌速率、规模时变规律、动态平衡机制等)缺乏定量分析手段。本研究旨在通过水槽模型试验,揭示不同水动力条件下口袋型窝崩的演变规律,建立崩塌发展的定量预测模型,并阐明其力学机制。
2. 研究方法
研究基于长江下游太平洲左汊等典型窝崩案例,设计了宽深比为1:1.2的“口袋型”窝崩概化模型。试验在长40 m、宽1.9 m的动床水槽中进行,采用垂直岸坡设置,通过改变相对水深(范围0.5~1.0)和主流流速(0.3~0.5 m/s)组合,开展多组动床试验。利用高清摄像机记录崩塌过程,结合岸坡表面绘制的网格线,量化崩塌土体的损失体积与演变形态。同时,引入泥沙输移理论与Exner方程,对崩塌动力过程进行理论推导与机制分析。
3. 主要结果
4. 结论与机制
通过水槽试验与理论分析,揭示了长江中下游口袋型窝崩的岸坡土体崩塌动力特征及演变规律。主要结论如下:
1)明确了口袋型窝崩在不同试验条件下的岸坡崩塌模式,低相对水深下,崩塌模式以“绕轴崩塌”为主;高相对水深下,崩塌模式逐渐向“冲刷输移”转变。总体而言,随着相对水深不断增加,岸坡的崩塌发展模式由“绕轴崩塌”逐渐转变为“冲刷输移”。
2)基于岸坡土体动态损失过程计算方法,发现了口袋型窝崩崩塌损失率随时间呈对数衰减,建立了可量化崩岸发展动态平衡过程的特征历时公式。并以2017年长江江苏段指南村崩岸案例验证,结果基本符合平衡历时规律,表明该公式能够有效量化崩塌动态平衡过程。
3)结合Exner方程,从理论上分析了崩塌发展特征呈现“瞬时指数衰减、总量对数减缓”发展规律的原因,揭示了掩护效应与水流能量衰减的协同作用是动态平衡的核心机制。
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本文引用格式:裴盛圣, 闻云呈, 张帆一, 等. 口袋型窝崩岸坡崩塌动力特征试验研究[J]. 海洋工程, 2026, 44(3): 139-150. (PEI Shengsheng, WEN Yuncheng, ZHANG Fanyi, et al. Experimental study on dynamic characteristics of pocket-type bank collapse[J]. The Ocean Engineering, 2026, 44(3): 139-150. (in Chinese))
作者简介:
裴盛圣(2000—),男,江西九江人,硕士研究生,主要从事河流泥沙研究。E-mail: pssabc@outlook.com
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