《海洋预报》| 水汽输送与弱冷空气协同作用下的渤海海雾个例研究

摘要：综合利用欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）第五代再分析资料（ERA5）、葵花-8(Himawari-8)卫星遥感数据及地面自动气象站观测资料，结合天气研究与预报模式（WRF）数值试验，揭示了2019年3月9—10日渤海海雾形成过程中水汽与冷空气的协同作用机制。结果表明：西北太平洋水汽经偏南、偏东气流持续输送至渤海，配合500 hPa高空槽引导弱冷空气南下产生降温作用，促使近海面水汽凝结，并在逆温层作用下形成稳定层结，促进海雾发展。敏感性试验进一步验证了两者的协同作用：当弱化冷空气强度时，逆温层稳定性降低且饱和水汽压上升，导致雾区面积缩减及雾区提前消散；当水汽减少时，难以形成足够的雾滴，导致云水生成减少、雾顶长波辐射冷却减弱，进一步削弱逆温层强度并增强湍流混合，致使雾区减小、雾顶高度降低。

关键词：渤海海雾 弱冷空气 水汽输送 边界层过程 数值敏感性试验

Abstract：Using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts（ECMWF） 5th reanalysis dataset（ERA5）, Himawari-8 satellite remote sensing data, ground meteorological observations, and the Weather Research and Forecasting（WRF） model, this study investigates the synergistic mechanism of moisture transport and weak cold air during a sea fog event over the Bohai Sea on 9-10 March 2019. The results show that persistent southeasterly/easterly airflow transported moisture from the northwestern Pacific to the Bohai Sea. Concurrently, weak cold air intrusion guided by a 500-hPa trough induced near-surface cooling, triggering moisture condensation. A temperature inversion layer subsequently developed, promoting fog formation through stable stratification. Sensitivity experiments further confirmed their cooperative roles: weakened cold air destabilized the inversion layer and elevated saturation vapor pressure, accelerating fog dissipation and reducing spatial coverage, whereas reduced moisture supply suppressed fog droplet formation, limiting cloud water production and weakening longwave radiative cooling at the fog top, thereby further destabilizing the inversion layer while enhancing turbulent mixing.

Key words：sea fog over the Bohai Sea; weak cold air; water vapor transport; boundary layer processes; numerical sensitivity experiments

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