全球卫生工作者缺口达3400万，女性占从业队伍七成却多集中于低薪岗位

Declaration of interests

C Agostinis Sobrinho reports grants or contracts from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal (grant: CEECINST/00093/2021/CP2815/CT0001 and grant: https://doi.org/10.54499/UID/PRR/06185/2025) outside the submitted work. M Aslam reports grants or contracts from Xiamen University Malaysia Research Fund (XMUMRF): grant number XMUMRF/2025-C15/ITCM/0006 (project title: Therapeutic and Toxicity Evaluation of Selected Medicinal Herbs for NAFLD: Exploring the Inter-Organelle Contact Sites Modulation Theory; role: co-investigator; dates: January, 2025–December, 2027 [ongoing]), grant number XMUMRF/2023-C11/ISEM/0041 (project title: Children's Rights Education in the Early Years of Divorce: An Exploration of Adolescents’ Perspectives; role: co-investigator; dates: January, 2023–December, 2025 [ongoing]), and grant number XMUMRF/2026-C17/ITCM/0007; project title: Olfactory Stimulation and Autonomic Regulation in Menstrual Disorders; role: co-investigator; dates: January, 2026–December, 2028 [ongoing]) outside the submitted work (all internal XMUMRF research grants administered by Xiamen University Malaysia; funds disbursed to institutional research account only; no salary, honoraria, or personal payments to author). R Bai reports support for the present manuscript from the Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education (number 2023JYBZDSYS012). O C Baltatu reports support for the present manuscript from National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) Fellowship and from Anima Institute (AI) Research Professor Fellowship; leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee, or advocacy group, paid or unpaid as Managing Partner, VividiWise Analytics and as Biotech Advisory Board Member, São José dos Campos Technology Park – CITE outside the submitted work. S Bhaskar reports grants or contracts from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT); Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI; grant ID: 23KF0126) and from JSPS and the Australian Academy of Science (JSPS International Fellowship; grant ID: P23712); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Japan Stroke Society, Japan (honoraria for invited keynote presentation at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Japan Stroke Society, Osaka) and from Semey Medical University, Kazakhstan (honorarium for invited professorship and teaching course in neurocardiovascular therapy, Semey Medical University, Kazakhstan); support for attending meetings and/or travel from Japan Stroke Society, Japan (travel award for invited keynote presentation at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Japan Stroke Society, Osaka) and from Asialink, the University of Melbourne (travel support for opening invited keynote at 31st Asialink Leaders Foundation Week Program 2026, Melbourne); leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee, or advocacy group, paid or unpaid as District Chair, Diversity, Equity, Inclusion & Belonging, Rotary District 9675, Sydney, Australia and as Chair, Founding Member and Manager, Global Health & Migration Hub Community, Global Health Hub Germany, Berlin, Germany and as Editorial Board Member, PLOS One, BMC Neurology, Frontiers in Neurology, Frontiers in Stroke, Frontiers in Public Health, Journal of Aging Research, Neurology International, Diagnostics, and BMC Medical Research Methodology and as Member, College of Reviewers, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), Government of Canada and as Director of Research, World Headache Society, Bengaluru, India and as Expert Adviser/Reviewer, Cariplo Foundation, Milan, Italy and as Visiting Director, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Department of Neurology, Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, Suita, Osaka, Japan and as Member, Scientific Review Committee, Cardiff University Biobank, Cardiff, UK and as Chair, Rotary Reconciliation Action Plan and as Healthcare and Medical Adviser, Japan Connect, Osaka, Japan outside the submitted work. F Cohen reports consulting fees from Pfizer, AbbVie, and Axsome; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Pfizer, AbbVie, and Axsome outside the submitted work. A Faro reports support for the present manuscript from National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, Brazil; CNPq Research Fellow). N Fullman reports other financial or non-financial interests from Gates Foundation (NF received funding for work related to childhood vaccination since 2024) and from Gates Ventures (NF received funding for work related to childhood vaccination since 2020) outside the submitted work. A Hassan reports consulting fees from Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, Biologix, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Merz, Roche, Merck, Hikma Pharma, Janssen, Inspire Pharma, Future Pharma, Elixir Pharma (payments were made to AH); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Novartis, Allergan, AbbVie, Merck, Biologix, Viatris, Pfizer, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Bayer, AstraZeneca, Hikma Pharma, Al Andalus, Chemipharm, Lundbeck, Elixir, EvaPharma, Inspire Pharma, Future Pharma and Habib Scientific Office, and Everpharma (payments were made to AH); support for attending meetings and/or travel from Novartis, Allergan, Merz, Pfizer, Merck, Biologix, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Bayer, Hikma Pharma, Chemipharm, and Al Andalus and Clavita Pharma (payments were made to AH); leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid as President of MENA Headache Society, Board member of Multiple Sclerosis chapter of the Egyptian Society of Neurology, Board member of Headache Chapter of the Egyptian Society of Neurology, Member of Committee of Education of the International Headache Society (IHS), membership committee of IHS, and regional committee of IHS outside the submitted work. I Ilic reports support for the present manuscript from Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia (number 451-03-137/2025-03/200110). N E Ismail reports leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid as Bursar and Council member, Malaysian Academy of Pharmacy, Malaysia (unpaid); Committee Member, Malaysian Pharmacists Society Education Chapter Committee (unpaid); Deputy President, Information Technology Service Management Forum, Malaysian Chapter (unpaid); outside the submitted work. J J Jozwiak reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Novartis, Adamed, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Servier, Novo Nordisk, and MSD (all personal fees) outside the submitted work. K Krishan reports other financial or non-financial interests—non-financial support from the UGC Centre of Advanced Study, CAS II, awarded to the Department of Anthropology, and RUSA 2.O grant awarded by the Ministry of Education to Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, outside the submitted work. M-C Li reports grants or contracts from National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan (NSTC 113-2314-B-003-002) and from National Taiwan Normal University (“Higher Education Sprout Project”); leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid as Technical Editor, Journal of the American Heart Association outside the submitted work. J Liu reports support for the present manuscript from the Prevention and Control of Emerging and Major Infectious Diseases—National Science and Technology Major Project (2025ZD01900800), Beijing Natural Science Foundation (Z24004), and the National Natural Science Foundation (72474005). R J Maude reports support for the present manuscript from Wellcome Trust (This research was funded in part, by the Wellcome Trust [315982/Z/24/Z]. For the purpose of Open Access, the author has applied a CC BY public copyright licence to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission. This grant provides core funding for Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research and contributes to RM's salary. RM is requested by Wellcome to include this text in the funding statement and cover letter of all manuscripts on which RM is a coauthor). S Nomura reports support for the present manuscript from Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (grant number: 24H00663). B Oancea reports support for the present manuscript from UEFISCDI (project PN-IV-P6-6.1-CoEx-2024-0196, contract number 17/2.03.2026) and from the Romanian National Research, Development, and Innovation Plan 2022-2027 (project PNRR/2022/C9/MCID/I8 PROJECT CODE: 842027778, CF 68, PROJECT 760096). S K Panda reports support for the present manuscript from Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University; payment of salary); grants or contracts from file number 17-59/2023-24/CCRH/Tech./Coll./ICMR-Diabetes/960 (as Co-Investigator) and from file number HS/RC/393 (as Principal Investigator) outside the submitted work. R Passera reports participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board as Member of the Data Safety Monitoring Board for the clinical trial “Consolidation with ADCT-402 (loncastuximab tesirine) after immunochemotherapy: a phase II study in BTKi-treated/ineligible Relapse/Refractory Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL) patients” – FIL, Fondazione Italiana Linfomi, Alessandria, Italy (no payment received); leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid as Member of the EBMT Statistical Committee, European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Paris, France and as Member of the FIL Statistical Committee, Fondazione Italiana Linfomi, Alessandria, Italy and as Past member 2020–2023 (biostatistician) of the IRB/IEC Comitato Etico AO SS. Antonio e Biagio Alessandria-ASL AL-VC, Italy (all no payment received) outside the submitted work. V C F Pepito reports grants or contracts from St Luke's Medical Center Health Equity and Research Foundation (institutional grant to conduct research on measuring and understanding geographic inequities in physician distribution in the Philippines) and from St Luke's Medical Center Foundation Inc. (Individual contract to design and implement the St Luke's Community Physician Scholarship and Placement Program) outside the submitted work. S Saleem reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan; outside the submitted work. F Shahkarami reports grants or contracts from Tehran University of Medical Sciences (FS was a researcher at TUMS and received payments and research grants from the university [until 2024]) and from Arena Life Science Co. (FS is a researcher at this pharmaceutical company and receives payments as an employee [since 2025]) outside the submitted work. V Sharma reports other financial or non-financial interests—support from DFSS (MHA)'s research project (DFSS28(1)2019/EMR/6) at Department of Forensic Science (formerly Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology), Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, RUSA 2.0 grant to Panjab University and PAIR grant (ANRF/PAIR/2025/000006/PAIR) to Panjab University from ANRF, outside the submitted work. C Simpson reports grants or contracts from HRC (New Zealand), Ministry of Health (New Zealand), Royal Society of New Zealand, MBIE (New Zealand), and Chief Scientist Office (UK), all grants to institution; leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid as NZ Government Data Ethics Advisory Group Chair (renumerated under the NZ Cabinet Fees Framework) outside the submitted work. J A Singh reports consulting fees from ROMTech, Atheneum, ClearView Healthcare Partners, Yale, Hulio, Horizon Pharmaceuticals/DINORA, ANI/Exeltis USA Inc., SOBI Pharmaceuticals, Frictionless Solutions, Schipher, Crealta/Horizon, Medisys, Fidia, PK Med, Two labs Inc., Adept Field Solutions, Clinical Care Options, Putnam Associates, Focus Forward, Navigant Consulting, Spherix, MedIQ, Jupiter Life Science, UBM LLC, Trio Health, Medscape, WebMD, and Practice Point Communications; the National Institutes of Health; and the American College of Rheumatology (consultant fees paid to JAS for each entity); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events—JAS is on the speaker's bureau of Simply Speaking (JAS previously served as a Consultant and consultant fees were paid to JAS); support for attending meetings and/or travel as past steering committee member of OMERACT (JAS previously received support from the organisation to attend their meeting every 2 years); participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with FDA Arthritis Advisory Committee (JAS served previously as a member; no financial support); leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid as past steering committee member of the OMERACT, an international organisation that develops measures for clinical trials and receives arm's length funding from 12 pharmaceutical companies (JAS previously received support from the organization to attend their meeting every 2 years); stock or stock options from Atyr Pharmaceuticals, Atai Life Sciences, Kintara Therapeutics, Intelligent Biosolutions, Acumen Pharmaceutical, TPT Global Tech, Vaxart Pharmaceuticals, Atyu Biopharma, Adaptimmune Therapeutics, GeoVax Labs, Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Enzolytics Inc., Seres Therapeutics, Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp., Aebona Pharmaceuticals, and Charlotte's Web Holdings, Inc (JAS owns stock options) and from JAS previously owned stock options in Amarin, Viking and Moderna Pharmaceuticals (JAS owned stock options in these companies previously) outside the submitted work. R Tabares-Seisdedos reports grants or contracts from the Valencian Regional Government's Ministry of Education (PROMETEO/CIPROM/2022/58) and from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (PID2021-129099OB-I00) outside the submitted work (the funders were not involved in the design of the manuscript or decision to submit the manuscript for publication, nor will they be involved in any aspect of the study's conduct). J H V Ticoalu reports leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid as a co-founder, Benang Merah Research Center (benangmerah.net) outside the submitted work. V Tseriotis reports grants or contracts from European Academy of Neurology, European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (financial support was given directly to VST); support for attending meetings and/or travel from Inovis, Genesis Pharma, and Novartis (financial support was given directly to VST) outside the submitted work. E Upadhyay reports patents planned, issued or pending from “A system and method of reusable filters for anti-pollution mask” (published), “A system and method for electricity generation through crop stubble by using microbial fuel cells” (published), “A system for disposed personal protection equipment (PPE) into biofuel through pyrolysis and method” (published), “A novel herbal pharmaceutical aid for formulation of gel and method thereof” (published), “Herbal drug formulation for treating lung tissue degenerated by particulate matter exposure” (published), “A method to transform cow dung into the wall paint by using natural materials and composition thereof” (published), “Biodegradable packaging composition and method of preparation thereof” (filed), “Eco-friendly bio-shoe polish from banana and turmeric” (filed), “Honey-based polyherbal syrup composition to treat air pollution-induced inflammation and preparation method thereof” (filed), “Process for preparing a caffeine free, antioxidant and nutrient rich beverage” (filed), “Polyherbal oral mist composition for dual relief and method for preparation thereof” (filed), and “Method for fabricating sustainable waterproof material sheets from LDPE plastic wastes” (filed); leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid as Former Joint Secretary, Executive Council Member, Indian Meteorological Society, Jaipur Chapter (India) and as Member Secretary-DSTPURSE Program outside the submitted work. Y Yasufuku reports grants or contracts from Shionogi & Co., Ltd. (From April, 2023, to March, 2026, YY was employed in an endowed research department at The University of Osaka, and YY's salary was paid by the university from collaborative research funding provided by the pharmaceutical company listed on the left. The funding was unrelated to the present study but is disclosed as a potential conflict of interest) outside the submitted work. S Zadey reports leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid as ASAR Cofounder, Nivarana Advisory Board member, G4 Alliance Permanent Council Member and Asia WG Chair Drafting Committee Member Maharashtra Mental Health Policy, outside the submitted work. All other authors declare no competing interests.